Training Plan Thesis Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Training Plan - Thesis Proposal Example The medical office is to have 126 employees that will majorly work with the Information Technology perspective. One of the key aspects to ensure is the physical security of the premises. Fifteen employees will be directed towards this feature. The training of these employees will ensure increased safety of the other employees and the information in the medical office. The responsibility of these employees comprises the watching over of the exterior part of the facility. The employees are supposed to observe who goes through the gate and ensure that they run their identification cards through the laser machine present at the gate. The running of the identification card will ensure that their information gets fed into the system and thus accounting for their presence. Shifts are required in this sector and the job will be run by 10 employees during the day and vigilance taken over by the other 5 during the night. The importance of the shifts is to ensure that the workers get enough res t to keep watch at all times. For the optimal results of this strategy, the Information Technology officers in the medical facility should communicate with the officers guarding the gates physically. The cooperation involves the security officers in the medical office informing the gate guards that they have recorded information about the visitors in their database and thus they have the freedom to access the facility. With this collaboration, there is the assurance of maximum security concerning the physical accessibility to the facility. Two physical security guards are required during the day that will bear professional IT gadgets to scan the cars and people that enter the facility. At night, the shift is taken over by two other employees. Upon entrance into the facility, the visitors head straight to the reception area. This area involves around ten

International business Essay Example for Free

International business Essay Global or regional integrator strategy would be the dominant market player in Asia and Latin America. The aim of this strategy is to give strength the strategic relation between regions in the social political and economic sphere. It helps in encouraging economic relations through investment which will help in innovation, technological development, and competitiveness in the industries and it also helps the industry to become efficient and earn profits (Frank 2007 p98). By Asia and Latin America adopting the regional or global integrator strategy in air line and telecommunication industries, it will lead to revival of trade in the regions or globally which will result to sustained growth, creation of jobs and elimination of poverty. Regional integrator strategy leads to increased openness and major economic reforms In industries used in regional simulations the best strategies to use is regional or global integrator because industries in such integrations will be in a position to acquire the best technology and expertise which will help the Latin America Asia to provide competitive and quality services in the airline and telecom industries. For full region integration in Asia and Latin America the appropriate strategy to use is global integration because this will help the company do sell its services globally without restriction which will help the company to have increased sales and profits. Incase of high uncertainty, the appropriate strategy to use is specialist strategy which will help Asia and Latin America to specialize their airline and telecom industries in the countries that are promising and leave those with high uncertainty level of performance. Regional risks There are a number of endemic risks in Latin America and Asia. Malaria is one of the risks which is spread by the anopheles mosquito which mostly bites at night. It is mostly found in Indonesia, India, some parts of South Korea and some parts of China. In Latin America malaria is also an endemic risk and a major public health. It kills about one million people in a year and remains a threat to Asia and Latin America The other risk to the travelers in Asia and Latin America is dengue which is a viral infection vector borne disease (Andrew Peter 2000 p 121). Transmission occurs in both urban and rural areas but the highest risk is in urban areas. Cholera is an endemic risk to both Latin America and Asia. It is caused by eating or drinking food or water which is contaminated Some risks are not common in the two regions like bird flu is a risk in Asia but not in Latin America. It is caused by influenza A virus and it is a great threat to human beings. On the other hand, yellow fever is an endemic risk in Latin America but not in Asia. It is a serious haemorrhagic disease transmitted by those mosquitoes that are infected. The disease has no cure and treatment is only used for reducing the symptoms. In Latin America still Chagas disease is endemic and thirteen million people are infected. It is usually transmitted by contamination of a person who has parasite feases of a triatomite bug. Global companies should address these risks and uncertainties in Latin America and Asia by making sure the travelers are given the right vaccines and repellants before they travel to these areas with these risks and uncertainties. They should also make sure that the right preventive measures are put in place to protect the travelers. Travelers should be trained to observe health when they go to such areas in order to avoid the water borne diseases. Consumer markets in Asia and Latin America In Asia there is high increase in population which has resulted to increase in spending power thus attracting many multinational corporations. On the other hand Latino represents the largest minority in the country but it is the fastest ethnic growing group. The purchasing power is estimated to be one consumer out of every eight residents and thus companies are also targeting this market (Robles, Simon Haar 2003 p 249). In Latin America high population of the young youths is also a driving force in this consumer market and it s taken as a business opportunity. In Asia youths have a high market value though they are influenced by the western media. In Latino market high population is concentrated in the urban area which makes it easy for geographical targeting. On the other hand population in Asia is spread in urban and rural areas making it hard to target a certain area. On cultural issues in Latin America people experience different levels of tension in culture. Those with low cultural tension expose themselves to non Latino things while those with high cultural tension emphasize their culture as a unique one. In Asia there is ethnic and language differences and thus marketers and media must put this into consideration. Asians hold to their cultural roots and so their buying behaviour is affected very much by their culture. These markets can be segmented geographically, on the basis of language segmentation and on cultural basis. Paths followed from local to regional and eventually global Companies can take different paths from localization to regionalization and finally to globalization. One of the paths is by being a diversified national champion, then a narrow regional integrator, high focused broad regional champion and finally high focused multinational company (Frank2003 p249). The other path can be highly focused national champion, to highly focused narrow regional champion to highly focused broad regional champion and finally to highly focused global multinational company. The third path is diversified national champion to narrow region integrator to broad regional integrator and finally to diversified global integrator. The other path can be national specialists to narrow regional specialists to broad regional specialist and finally global specialist. Factors that dictate which paths a firm is supposed to take are the maturity of the product, whether it is a weak or strong differentiated firm, the strength of the marketing skills and also whether the firm is highly skilled or not. The other factors that also determine the regionalization and globalization of a firm include customers, regulations, infrastructure and culture. The advantages that a firm needs to develop from one level to another include, minimization of risks, innovation, making more profits and being efficient. The Latin America airline company followed the path of first being a diversified national champion, then it went to narrow regional integrator to broad regional integrator and finally to diversified global integrator. It gained high profits, became efficient and was able to adopt new skills and technology (Robles, Simon Haar 2003 p 249). The Asian airline followed the path of being a national specialist to narrow regional specialist then it moved to broad regional specialist and finally to global specialist. The Asian airline company gained some advantages like gaining high profits and being efficient due to specialization.

Essay --

Essay - Clergy & Laity Katelyn R. Gonzalez, Student Christian Life, faith, and Ministry/108 Week-4 November 22, 2013 Hjamil A. Martà ­nez-Và ¡zquez, Ph.D. Essay - Clergy & Laity The word view salvation in relations to works, and believe that salvation from works is a misleading believe that have cost people their ticket to heaven. There had been numerous of people who have tried to explain the truth about salvation and works. However, they give up or distort the truth. Others have tried to unmask religious, cults, and sects. They have also failed for different reasons. Others have succeeded in explaining certain beliefs, based on their own understanding or the word of God. The few people who have fully succeeded have made history for their achievement. A known person who challenged the Catholic Church was Martin Luther, who was driven by fears of hell and God’s wrath that lead him to became a monk. The knowledge of salvation is not a subject to be determined. Salvation only has one way of process, but the scenarios of why people cry out to The Lord are numerou...

Mirror Mirror on the Wall, Who’s the Fairest of Them All? Essay

As in the Disney movie Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the evil queen is obsessed with being the fairest, or most beautiful, woman in all the land. The word beauty, by definition, is the quality present in a thing or person that gives intense pleasure or deep satisfaction to the mind, whether from sensory manifestation, a meaningful design, or something else such as personality. But what is beautiful to me may not evoke the same response or feeling from you. How is the queen to know she is the fairest in everyone’s eye if not everyone holds the same definition of beautiful? Why is it that we are attracted to some people and not attracted to others? The well-known phrase, â€Å"beauty is in the eye of the beholder† may hold some truth. Perception dictates how we view everything. People’s views are gained through experience and the environment in which they live. With that being said, our ideal depiction of beauty may slightly differ because no two people experience the same things in life, but aspects as to what people find attractive overlap. These overlapping qualities can be grouped into categories, which include the influence of personality, facial beauty, and body beauty and how it’s changing with society. Both males and females, at some level or another, are concerned with how they look to others. Typically, females are more preoccupied with the idea of looking beautiful. Don’t misinterpret what I’m saying; males care about what they look like as well, but generally not to the extent of that of females. This paper will focus on the perceptions people have on beauty as it pertains to women. Influence of Personality on the Perception of Beauty A study was conducted in which a group of researchers wanted to examine if the infl... ...International Journal Of Cosmetic Science, 27(6), 317-325. doi:10.1111/j.1467-2494.2005.00286.x Haughton, N. (2004). Perceptions of beauty in Renaissance art. Journal Of Cosmetic Dermatology, 3(4), 229-233. doi:10.1111/j.1473-2130.2004.00142.x Leist, A. (2003). What Makes Bodies Beautiful. Journal Of Medicine & Philosophy, 28(2), 187-219. Swami, V., Furnham, A., Chamorro-Premuzic, T., Akbar, K., Gordon, N., Harris, T., & ... Tovee, M. J. (2010). More Than Just Skin Deep? Personality Information Influences Men's Ratings of the Attractiveness of Women's Body Sizes. Journal Of Social Psychology, 150(6), 628-647. doi:10.1080/00224540903365497 Weller, J. E., & Dziegielewski, S. F. (2004). The Relationship Between Romantic Partner Support Styles and Body Image Disturbance. Journal Of Human Behavior In The Social Environment, 10(2), 71-92. doi:10.1300/J137v10n02_04

Squandermania Mentality: the Root Cause of Social Evil

SQUANDERMANIA MENTALITY: THE ROOT CAUSE OF SOCIAL EVIL UDEKE CHARLES NDUBUISI POPE JOHNPAUL 11 MAJOR SEMINARY, AWKA [email  protected] com PREAMBLE Nigeria as a nation is ravaged by many internal problems. It is no longer news even to the blind that things are not the way they should be in our society. Nigeria problem is hydra-headed. Many scholars have viewed it from the different perspective as corruption, problem of leadership, indiscipline, greediness, consumerism, et cetera. Squander mania mentality is not out of the list. The rate at which people spread dollars at occasions is quite embarrassing.The history of Nigerians is that of a people in search of naira and the ostentatious show of wealth. Some people construe squandeermaniarism as a means of ascertaining themselves in the society. So, the more ostentatious you are, the more you are socially recognized and canonized. The root cause of social evil in our society is nothing but consumer consciousness. In bid to have more i n order to spend extravagantly people often indulge in all kinds of ills like: kidnapping, bribery, drug addict, money laundry, stealing, armed robbery, gangsterism, corruption and embezzlement.Squandermania consciousness has turned some of our leaders into caterpillars’ of common wealth. In fact the evil malice in us has been exalted to the point of genius in some of us. Moreover, in January 1987, the Anambra State government under the governorship of Captain Emeka Omeruah organized a crusade against squandermania. They so accurately deciphered the basis of indiscipline and underdevelopment in our nation as squandermania mentality. In this work we shall be looking at squandermania mentality as the root cause of our social evil and the possible remedy.In order to better appreciate this topic, let us explicate the basic concept. CONCEPTUALIZATION OF TERMS. Squandermania mentality literally means conscious wasteful or useless spending on daily basis. According to Okolo (1994:9) it is that disposition in a people by which they conceive and judge things by their consumable value. On the whole the society becomes one dominated largely by acquisitive rather than productive instincts. ’ Thus, for him it is materialistic consumable outlook on things. Then, Prof. P.N. Ejiofor (1986:3) viewed the term conspicuous consumption as ‘living above one’s resources and for the overall standard of living of the society for one’s inordinate self aggrandizement. ’ For him, it is spending unnecessarily. Here, squandermania mentality may be used interchangeably with consumer consciousness or conspicuous consumption. Based on this based backdrop, let us know to what extent squandermania mentality is the root cause of our social evil. SQUANDERMANIA MENTALITY IN NIGERIA: THE STORY SO FAR.Today, in our towns and villages, people both rich and poor, indulge in consumer consciousness such as charging astronomically high bride prices, engaging in co stly wedding ceremonies, pompous burial ceremonies, expensive chieftaincy title-taking, excessive feasting, excessive eating and drinking, and useless spending in luxurious cars and colossal village mansions. Prof. Ejiofor (1984:90) attempted to paint a picture of an aspect of conspicuous consumption as it pertains to our burial ceremonies. â€Å"First the corpse may be embalmed, and left in the mortuary for a period ranging from three days to two or three months.During this time, a new building is set up, if the dead did not build one in his life time, but if he did, the house and the walls are renovated. † In the same vein, pomp and pageantry go with weddings, birthday celebrations, title taking, chieftaincy installations, graduations, ordinations, and house warming ceremonies, etc. In fact, Nigerians are drunk with life of ostentation. We place undue emphasis in material social values as a way of life of a people. Thus material success and possession are highly valued in t he social and cultural lives of our people.Peace Pilgrim (1981:12) articulates it in the following terms, â€Å"in this materialistic age we have such a false criterion by which to measure success. We measure it in terms of material things. But happiness and inner peace do not lie in that direction. † Nigeria is the paradigm example of classical consumer society. Okolo(1994:10) viewed squandermania as the foundation of all our problems. â€Å"It is the problem behind our problems. To ignore it in our attack of societal ills would be to pursue a phantom, attacking the disease with a proper diagnosis of its cause. † We can talk of Nigeria problem without mentioning squandermania mentality.That Nigeria is a consumer society is never an exaggeration, for it is manifested in all their activities. Our society is characterized by unproductive spending, wealth exhibitionism and social importance. Hence, prestige and power are mainly construed in terms of material wealth and po ssessions. As a consumer nation, it exhibit one sided apprehension of labour. That is in terms of immediate gain, instant wealth and material success. Sweat, hard work and personal sacrifice have been sacrificed at the altar of laziness, cheap labour, instant gain and consumerism.Okolo(1994:11) posited that â€Å"people of consumer society generally manifest low enthusiasm or appreciation for high values such as patriotism, love of truth, honesty†¦ To labour or sacrifice for these spiritual goods or think of them important is hardly worthwhile for them. † In the educational sector, a lot of people read in order to obtain mere certificate, what is referred to as ‘certificate education. ’ They construe education in terms of its material relevance. Knowledge in the strict sense, for broadening ones horizon, understanding and conquering ones environment is not for them.They seek for certificate education in order to gain affluence and wealth through influence an d high positions in the society. They struggle in order to manifest supremacy in wealth and what it can buy. Success and social progress are defined by them in terms of material prosperity and acquisition. Russell (1975:38) in his own part described the situation thus, â€Å"but what typical modern man desires to get with it is more money, with a view to ostentation, splendour and the outshining of those who have hitherto been his equals. It is clear that the quest for instant wealth and material acquisition is the root cause of the societal ills. All that matters for Nigerian is naira accumulation, the means not withstanding. Consequently, it is no longer news that there is so much robbery, kidnapping, prostitution, human trafficking, embezzlement and all sorts of fraudulent practices in the nation. The hardship in the country notwithstanding, the syndrome for quick money and over night success is a pointer to squandermania mentality. The search for immediate wealth makes the Nige rian to hold tenaciously to power and authority.Conspicuous consumption will lead us to nothing but a consumer nation. Whereby, we spend more than we produce, consequently leading to many inefficiency or disequilibrium in the economy. CONS OF CONSUMER CONSCIOUSNESS The cumulative effect of it will lead to enlargement of his tastes, a change in his life style, in his social values and outlook in life. The person will define his social importance in terms of wealth acquisition and display, then, the type of home he lives in, property acquired and social entertainment held.So, the attitude of wasteful or unproductive spending and wealth exhibitionism will be high in the individual. Conspicuous consumption is one of the root causes of bribery and corruption, armed robbery, prostitution, smuggling, and drug trafficking. Faced by the huge financial demands which they can not meet by honest living, they land themselves in the aforementioned ills. Consumer consciousness channels all our res ources from working to leisure and from investment to unnecessary consumption. Many a time offices and markets are closed to give the dead a so-called befitting burial.The time we spent in long wake keeping ceremonies, marriage ceremonies, housing warning ceremonies, etc, is spent by the Whiteman in his library or laboratory researching on how to develop the machinery he will export later. The money we spend on those occasions is spent by him in taking a balanced diet and investing in meaningful businesses. It has destroyed the value system of our society. The people’s outlook on things is mainly from viewpoint of the consumable value and the material worth. In the developed countries, the most noble and masters are the researchers, the inventors, the statesmen, great philanthropists.In our society the statusquo are mostly the number of cars, the type buildings, the rowdiness of parties, etc. It is not surprise today that many young people indulge in different foul game in or der to make money quick. Squandermania mentality makes us to be more dependent on the industrialized nations. It discourages patronage of our native goods. It is not shocking that most of the drugs, food stuffs, scientific equipments and all sorts of manufactured and consumer good are not produced locally. This has stultifying effects on the creative and imaginative powers of the individual. By being dependent on other nations we enslave ourselves.It makes Nigerian to be imitators instead of competitors with other nations. Since we end up in imitating and reproducing, we lack originality, self transcendence, creativity and self reliance. More so, it vitiates the development of education, science and technology. Today, young people construe education in terms of material gain. Whereby, they end up in ‘certificate education. ’ People are not concerned with the qualitative functional education, which will help them conquer and transform their environment. Instead are inter ested in certificate education which guarantees them position of influence in the society.In fact, conspicuous consumption has adverse effect on moral, economic, developmental and political facets of the society. It reinforces wrong values, leads to exportation of wealth, encourages social vices, hampers productivity, and slows down the rate of economic development. We devote too much time in consuming than in producing. Since we have seen that the gestalt of our problem is squandermania in outlook, then, what shall we do! PANACEA What Nigerian need is a new awareness of self, a novel sense of dignity and altogether new life and value system. This new ideology should make value to be more qualitatively rather than to have more.That is to live more qualitative life instead of quantitative life. Education is vital instrument through which these values can be inculcated. Nigeria needs to imbibe the value of self-discipline. He must be ready to restrain his ungodly desires, goals and am bitious which he generally views in materialist terms. In quest to have more, display more, enjoy more, the Nigerian has lost sense of self discipline in quest for naira and what it can purchase. Thus, it through self discipline, the nation can manage her resources judiciously. Our society should cultivate the spirit of working for the universal good.For no society of human beings is possible without what binds them together, what they strive after together. Thus, common good is the good of the members of the society. If, we think of those things which make up the society as a whole, squandermanianism will be a forgotten issue. Management of our resources, time and talents well is a necessary condition. Foolish people waste their money, whilst wise people invest their money and are called investors. In order to shun squandermania mentality the Nigerian must cultivate pragmatic spirit. This imbues him with the mind to discover or invent and to be creative.This is attitude of sacrific e, self-dedication and labour. For consumer mentality radically weakens the will and people to put pleasure before business, sweet before sweat. More so, let us spend less time and money in celebrations, so as to have more money for the investment and time for working. It is by patronizing our locally made goods, can we encourage our local industries. CONCLUSION It is high time we admit that there is more to life than money, therefore, should focus not just on money wasting, but on general well-being.Studies have shown that those who are high in materialistic orientations are lower in levels of life satisfaction. Squandermania is a public enemy that should be stamped out of our society. It fails to satisfy men whose nature clamours for higher, more lasting values. We should aim at minimizing the traditional pursuit of wealth, conspicuous consumption and the acquisition of possessions and the attainment of status. Let us aspire to be more rather than to possess more. May all hands be on deck in order to bring to an end the inflicted wound of wasteful living.

Free Essays on WWE Sexual Ethics

Over the past ten or so years, I have been following and watching World Wrestling Entertainment; formerly known as WWF. As I have grown it seems that the content on the television show has matured as well. The wrestling program was once centered on the good vs. bad storyline. I always found it amusing and entertaining and sort of grew up with it. As television itself has become mature and explicit, the WWE has followed. The program now airs from 9pm to 11pm so that they can broadcast more violence, sexuality, and more mature language. Since during these hours young children are not supposed to be watching television, the WWE has taken advantage of the matter and looks to entertain an older audience. Any decision made and any segment that airs on a WWE program is always approved by owner Vince McMahon. Therefore, aside from the writers, it can be said that McMahon’s form of entertainment reflects, in a way, his way of thought. When WWE programming is not entertaining its audience with violence and comedic segments, it probably is doing something that involves and reflects their sexual ethics. Whether it has to do with homosexuality, adultery, nudity, and even lately necrophilia, they do what it takes to boost ratings. The WWE has always had a woman’s wrestling division but it used to involve more wrestling. The woman of wrestling today that we see on television are not exactly the best performers in the ring and usually fail to put on a good show. But these days in the WWE, the truth about that fact is not as important as it once was. Woman nowadays that wrestle are often former models or dancers. They are trained minor ring skills to be able wrestle. Always when they appear on television they are wearing close to nothing and they all seem to have the figure of every man’s personal dream girl. These women come out for a few minutes each week and flirt with the audience, exposing all that they are allowed or told to. I usually w... Free Essays on WWE Sexual Ethics Free Essays on WWE Sexual Ethics Over the past ten or so years, I have been following and watching World Wrestling Entertainment; formerly known as WWF. As I have grown it seems that the content on the television show has matured as well. The wrestling program was once centered on the good vs. bad storyline. I always found it amusing and entertaining and sort of grew up with it. As television itself has become mature and explicit, the WWE has followed. The program now airs from 9pm to 11pm so that they can broadcast more violence, sexuality, and more mature language. Since during these hours young children are not supposed to be watching television, the WWE has taken advantage of the matter and looks to entertain an older audience. Any decision made and any segment that airs on a WWE program is always approved by owner Vince McMahon. Therefore, aside from the writers, it can be said that McMahon’s form of entertainment reflects, in a way, his way of thought. When WWE programming is not entertaining its audience with violence and comedic segments, it probably is doing something that involves and reflects their sexual ethics. Whether it has to do with homosexuality, adultery, nudity, and even lately necrophilia, they do what it takes to boost ratings. The WWE has always had a woman’s wrestling division but it used to involve more wrestling. The woman of wrestling today that we see on television are not exactly the best performers in the ring and usually fail to put on a good show. But these days in the WWE, the truth about that fact is not as important as it once was. Woman nowadays that wrestle are often former models or dancers. They are trained minor ring skills to be able wrestle. Always when they appear on television they are wearing close to nothing and they all seem to have the figure of every man’s personal dream girl. These women come out for a few minutes each week and flirt with the audience, exposing all that they are allowed or told to. I usually w...

Free Essays on Six Sigma

Overview of Six Sigma Today ¡Ã‚ ¦s technology improvements are reducing cycle times, increasing productivity, and lowering costs. Consistency and defect-free workmanship are expected, and total quality product plus services is becoming the major, competitive discriminator. In this environment, goals, expectations, and performance must be advanced exponentially; yearly improvements of 5% to 10% are no longer competitive. Overall customer experiences and perceptions have to be thought of in a multiplier context- the product of multiple  ¡Ã‚ §moment of truth ¡Ã‚ ¨. These moments occur in various products life cycle phases  ¡V phases that have different effects and values. Old business models no longer work because globalizations and instant access to information, products and services have change the way customers conduct business. The competitive environment leaves no room for error. We must delight our costumers and relentlessly look for new ways to exceed their expectations. That is why in 1981 Motorola launched an initiative calling for a 5-years, ten times improvement in quality. In 1987 Motorola created its six sigma Quality initiative, with the goal of no more than 3.4 defective parts per million (ppm) across the company. Six sigma is basically a process quality goal by minimizing defects and variation in the outputs of business process by focusing on customer satisfaction. A 4 year 100 X quality improvement goal was set. But in 1988, Motorola Corp. became one of the first companies to receive the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award. The award strives to identify those excellent firms that are worthy role models for other businesses. One of Motorola's innovations that attracted a great deal of attention was its Six Sigma program. Motorola then shared its six-sigma approach with other companies. In 1989, Motorola chairman, Bob Galvin asked Mikel Harry to head the six ¡Ã‚ ¦s sigma Research Institute, an organization that received fu... Free Essays on Six Sigma Free Essays on Six Sigma Overview of Six Sigma Today ¡Ã‚ ¦s technology improvements are reducing cycle times, increasing productivity, and lowering costs. Consistency and defect-free workmanship are expected, and total quality product plus services is becoming the major, competitive discriminator. In this environment, goals, expectations, and performance must be advanced exponentially; yearly improvements of 5% to 10% are no longer competitive. Overall customer experiences and perceptions have to be thought of in a multiplier context- the product of multiple  ¡Ã‚ §moment of truth ¡Ã‚ ¨. These moments occur in various products life cycle phases  ¡V phases that have different effects and values. Old business models no longer work because globalizations and instant access to information, products and services have change the way customers conduct business. The competitive environment leaves no room for error. We must delight our costumers and relentlessly look for new ways to exceed their expectations. That is why in 1981 Motorola launched an initiative calling for a 5-years, ten times improvement in quality. In 1987 Motorola created its six sigma Quality initiative, with the goal of no more than 3.4 defective parts per million (ppm) across the company. Six sigma is basically a process quality goal by minimizing defects and variation in the outputs of business process by focusing on customer satisfaction. A 4 year 100 X quality improvement goal was set. But in 1988, Motorola Corp. became one of the first companies to receive the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award. The award strives to identify those excellent firms that are worthy role models for other businesses. One of Motorola's innovations that attracted a great deal of attention was its Six Sigma program. Motorola then shared its six-sigma approach with other companies. In 1989, Motorola chairman, Bob Galvin asked Mikel Harry to head the six ¡Ã‚ ¦s sigma Research Institute, an organization that received fu...

Opened My Eyes For The First Time English Literature Essay Essays

Opened My Eyes For The First Time English Literature Essay Essays Opened My Eyes For The First Time English Literature Essay Essay Opened My Eyes For The First Time English Literature Essay Essay My female parent is a homemaker. Very soft natured and lovingness, she takes great attention of us without caring for her comfort for us. Throughout all the old ages in my life, I have been greatly influenced by my parents in many different ways, from the manner of believing to the small mundane wonts. No uncertainty, we inherit the cistrons of our parents and acquire basic cognition, norms from them. What we learn from our parents in the early old ages will be encrypted in our head and be reflected in about every facet of our behaviour. Two of my brothers are elder to me and the 3rd one is younger. My senior brothers are bank directors. My youngest brother Abdul Aziz which is my best closest brother, he is 4th class, he is a child who neer knows what happens between our household members he ever like to pull material and drama with me every weekend, really we play video games some action games, we play wrestling games and so on. Most of the clip we go outside, including my sister in jurisprudence whom married to my biggest brother she ever give us sit to the park, beach, museum, she ever seek to be nice and lovely to us like she is our sister. Our household has been recognized for subject and values. My household puts a great accent on values and ethical motives in one s life. Since the beginning of our childhood, we are taught to esteem the seniors and love the kids. We learnt the lesson of promptitude and trustiness from our gramps. There lies a important responsibility from our side excessively: giving those rights and duties to our parents. Thingss do nt travel good ever. Recently my female parent got ill. She was giving for us, she was awake all dark merely for us when we used to be childs, but since so when she became ill and entirely, no 1 was disquieted about her although she kept traveling and she had long agony with her illness. This makes me experience truly sad, I cried and I am making my best to take good attention of her. I remember a few yearss back when I reached my house ; I saw many autos of my brothers right next to my house. I walked in and giving my salutations to my brothers. There were three brothers and my male parent. Equally shortly as I entered in my room I heard my male parent speaking to them, giving a little talk to my three brothers about parents affairs, all of a sudden my male parent became huffy and started shouting at them for losing their connexion with my female parent while she is enduring. Father: Why are you guys out of your head? Why is that cat! ! Where is your self-respect? Is it because you got married, you forget about me and your female parent? Ca nt you at least call one time and inquire how is everything traveling with us? Eldest brother Abdul Majeed: We have been really busy with work! Our foremans are really rigorous and do nt allow us jump work hours at all. What can we make? Elder brother Majid: We have to travel for preparation in the following two yearss ; it is truly of import and required for a steady growing in our calling. It is two hebdomad preparation and we can non jump it. Father: Remember childs, you have your ain boies and girls and you will experience that pain the minute they grow up . My brothers were soundless they had no words to state, since so I felt my parents bosom. I was hurt and angry at my senior brothers for disregarding the agonies and trouble my female parent was confronting and I planned to be the best among all of my brothers. I learned from my brother s errors, to non fall in trap as they did. I made a promise to myself that twenty-four hours that no affair what ; I will neer disregard my parents and will back up them in every facet of life boulder clay I can. With GOD s grace she is acquiring better now and I am seeking to take every bit much attention of her as I can. I am passing about all my clip with her in the infirmary along with my male parent and monitoring her advancement on a regular basis. I make certain that she is given medical specialties on clip. I merely love the smiling on her face when she sees me seting so much attempt for her. My male parent has been my steering pillar for me and has been standing by me at all times. We together have been making the best we can and I merely hope everything gets all right shortly. I can proudly state: I have the best household and I love them really much.

Art History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 13

Art History - Essay Example Van Gogh has preference of painting outdoors coupled with the fascination of the night sky as part of the favourite subjects. One outstanding element of the painting ‘Starry Night over the Rhone’ is gas lighting that reflect off the elements of water through several strolls nearby. All this is neatly done in the painting’s foreground. The work is a revelation of the sky’s marvellous colours coupled with the scene’s reflections as well as the striking contrast of the artificial stars and the gas natural beauty lights. Street lanterns across the edge of the Rhone in the watershed provide sufficient lighting enabling Van Gogh fully to paint from observation direct. Van Gogh manipulated such reality into certain levels as a way of creating an impressive firmament. Through this view, the Arles town lay in the southwest while the Great Bear constellation painted within the sky is in the north. The media used by the artist include oil on canvas as well as the technique of weeping and broad brush strokes. In various letters to Wilhelmina, his sister, Gogh observed that this was aimed at painting starry sky. The display appears to be that the night is still richly coloured as compared to the day. It has hues from the intense greens, violets, and blues. If one pays attention to the painting, it is easy to see that a number of stars are lemon-yellow while others are blue or pink and green brilliance. Without expatiating on the theme, it becomes clearer that the little white dots put on blue-black are not sufficient in painting starry skies. Some hold the belief that there are hidden images that depict the Gate to Heaven while two coffins in its front seem relevant to his religious foundations. Van Gogh engaged the expressive and symbolic colour values to express emotions within the scope of reproduction for visual light, atmosphere, or appearances. Van Gogh also went on to paint the night sky immensely hanging on

HBR article Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HBR article - Coursework Example In this way, much of the waste in time and money that is often associated with new product development is ameliorated. The article goes on to detail how Eli Lilly created a special team which was named â€Å"Chorus† whose sole purpose was to guide and direct research and development of new product lines based up on the metrics that have been previously related. Due to a strict adherence to the previous rubric, Eli Lilly was able to nearly double the amount of drug compounds that they developed between both 12 and 24 month periods. The article continues to describe the pitfalls that not employing such logic can provide to the overall process. Furthermore, the authors detail the situation that often arises where key leaders and shareholders ignore the obvious signs that a product line displays during development regarding its ability to succeed in the marketplace and yield a profit. Oftentimes, this is the result of the fact that management and/or key leaders have strong beliefs with respect to the overall viability of a given product and are therefore reticent to accept any proof that the line may result in eventual failure. Specific examples of such blind faith are given by the authors with relation to Ely Lilly’s drug tests that continued to send red flags to the development team; however, management continued to pour money down the rabbit hole with respect to continuing to fund the research. The authors discuss a secondary pitfall that many would-be product development teams suffer from. This secondary pitfall centers upon the fact that many product development teams terminate projects/products prematurely due to lack of evidence that the project/product has an overall likelihood to succeed. Although this can result from a number of factors, the authors note that the main reason results from an unclear and undifferentiated research process. For purposes of the analysis, the authors define one of the key components of success to relate to the con cept of POC (Proof of Concept). This relates the process that a firm can employ that provides a highly focused fast track path of research to determine whether or not the product has likelihood of overall success. In this way, targeted experiments can be rapidly employed to prove whether or not a product has an overall likelihood of success. Likewise, the authors note that determining overall project/product profitability is also a likely determinate that should be used in order to determine what level of time and funding should be provided to ensure that the project maintains the highest ability to produce a net profit. Similarly, the authors argue that product success can further be maximized by dividing the stages of product testing and development into early and late stages. By further defining the metrics with respect to what goals and tasks should be accomplished in the early and late stages, it is abundantly clear for product development where the product lies in terms of ove rall viability at any particular juncture of the process. In this way, the guess work is taken out of the process and long-term product developments that can turn into a multimillion dollar mistake are effectively weeded out. This novel approach is simplistic; however, it nonetheless works. Many firms have followed in

Nintendo's Wii Fit Plus Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nintendo's Wii Fit Plus - Research Paper Example The game was design to help the exercise needs of people of all ages. The game is fun and very well designed. Current Marketing Situation – Market Description The product can target various consumer population demographics. The product can be marketed as a tool to fight obesity. In the United States over 33% of the children are overweight (Colucci, 2006). The product can also target active teenagers that like interactive games. Another population demographic that should be targeted by Wii Fit Plus is senior citizens that need more exercise. The overall use of exercise video games that have interactive features such as the Wii Fit Plus is on the rise. The firm must capitalize in this market opportunity. Current Marketing Situation - Product Review The exercise video game offers over 60 activities and exercises including strength training, aerobics, and yoga (Wii, 2011). The game allows its users to develop customized exercise routines. The memory of the game can be used to crea te a log of the exercise routine schedule performed every week. The game is fun and can be played by people of all ages. Needs and Corresponding Features/Benefits Chart Targeted Segment Customer Need Corresponding Feature/ Benefit 1. Exercise enthusiasts 2. Traditional games 1. Need to burn calories 2. Need for interactive features 1. ... ures Perform strength training, aerobic, and Yoga routines Take classes in Yoga, Martial Arts, Tai Chi Features nine dancing styles including salsa, hip hop, and mambo. (Videogameall, 2011). Distribution Review Nintendo should use exclusive distribution for the Wii Fit Plus. The reason the should use exclusive distribution is because this strategy allows the firm to control the advertising and pricing strategy for the product. The channels the firm should include indirect channels to be better able to penetrate the exercise enthusiasts market. Strengths / Weaknesses An A strength of the company is the quality of its managerial staff. An additional strength of the product is the brand value of Wii Fit which has sold millions of copies. A weakness of the product is that it does not include any dancing routines as part of the exercise options. A second weakness of the game is that Wii-Fit Plus is not available to be sold in other console platforms. A third weakness of the game is that i t does include sporting options within the options to perform exercises. Opportunities/Threats Opportunities Threats Achieve growth by targeting non-traditional gamers by focusing on exercise enthusiasts Xbox 360 Kinetic sensor technology Market the Wii-Fit Plus as an exercise simulator Market becoming saturated of exercise video games Increase the Nintendo Wii console sales The current distribution channel strategy might not be able to reach the exercise enthusiasts. First Year Objectives and Issues for Achieving The objective of the Wii Fit Plus was to create an expansion pack that could be sold to a target market of 22 million Wii Fit users (Officialnitendomaganize, 2011). The company also wants to increase its market share to become the best exercise game in the industry. Positioning

Reflected Best Self Exercise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflected Best Self Exercise - Essay Example I have the ability to adapt to any situation when carrying out any responsibility given to me. In this case, I can work in an environment filled with pressure and be able to deliver without compromising the required standards. Therefore, I am able to remain calm and work situations out while levelheaded instead of becoming a hothead and failing to deliver. This effectively means that I am patient and ready to face the situation despite any inauspicious existing circumstances, which may affect my performance of certain roles and activities. One of my friends supports this view and pointed to me that I â€Å"try to maintain calmness and ask your colleagues to exercise patient regardless of the prevailing situation.† I like understanding other people well, and one of the things that I try to do is to show people compassion. Hence, I like putting myself in another individual’s shoes in order for me to experience their emotions. This way, I will be able to help them since I have ensured that I experienced their emotions, and there is the connection between us, which is the bond that sets the foundation for cooperation. In addition, understanding people well by showing compassion ensures that I am able to influence the choices and decisions that they made. In one situation, my cousin remembers how I influenced her decision to study law by making sure that I listened to her, understood her emotions, and influenced her to making the right decision. In creating relationships with other people, I try to get the sense of the people during our first interaction. In this case, I try to be as candid and open as I can in order to create a feeling of trust, honesty, and good-natured between my acquaintances and me. This way, I am able to cultivate a relationship based on trust, openness, and honesty. In view of this fact, a colleague whom I have developed a deep relationship with while in school, told me that he regarded me as an open and

Google Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Google Case Study - Essay Example Employees at Google work in teams, and are rarely assigned to an independent office.   In fact, even cubicles are frowned upon.   Teams are encourage to work together in what is dubbed ‘cubes, yurts, and huddle rooms’ where each person can share ideas with one another.   There is no competition to do better than the next person, as the teams success is what really matters.   To engage employees, the atmosphere is pleasant and conducive to discussions and conversations taking place everywhere.   Even going from one place to another within the same facility is made a bit entertaining, and time efficient, as bicycles or scooters are provided throughout.   In addi-tion, there are items such as lava lamps, massage chairs, and large inflatable balls to help em-ployees feel comfortable in whatever work environment they may find themselves in.   Google is also different from many large companies in that all levels of staff are really treated equally.   In fact, e ven new employees are encouraged to make decisions that even upper management will buy into.   Upper managers are approachable and do not use titles.   In essence, Google is naturally like any other company in that they have a hierarchy and system of seniority, but it is not utilised in the daily decision making process.   If one individual needs assistance, they will engage the employee that they feel can provide them with the best possible assistance, without considering one’s actual job title or time of service with the company.   This has worked to fully engage em-ployees that work for Google.

Reflected Best Self Exercise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflected Best Self Exercise - Essay Example I have the ability to adapt to any situation when carrying out any responsibility given to me. In this case, I can work in an environment filled with pressure and be able to deliver without compromising the required standards. Therefore, I am able to remain calm and work situations out while levelheaded instead of becoming a hothead and failing to deliver. This effectively means that I am patient and ready to face the situation despite any inauspicious existing circumstances, which may affect my performance of certain roles and activities. One of my friends supports this view and pointed to me that I â€Å"try to maintain calmness and ask your colleagues to exercise patient regardless of the prevailing situation.† I like understanding other people well, and one of the things that I try to do is to show people compassion. Hence, I like putting myself in another individual’s shoes in order for me to experience their emotions. This way, I will be able to help them since I have ensured that I experienced their emotions, and there is the connection between us, which is the bond that sets the foundation for cooperation. In addition, understanding people well by showing compassion ensures that I am able to influence the choices and decisions that they made. In one situation, my cousin remembers how I influenced her decision to study law by making sure that I listened to her, understood her emotions, and influenced her to making the right decision. In creating relationships with other people, I try to get the sense of the people during our first interaction. In this case, I try to be as candid and open as I can in order to create a feeling of trust, honesty, and good-natured between my acquaintances and me. This way, I am able to cultivate a relationship based on trust, openness, and honesty. In view of this fact, a colleague whom I have developed a deep relationship with while in school, told me that he regarded me as an open and

Football referees Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Football referees - Literature review Example If good discipline lacks and pure defiance rules, then no respect for the officials can be guaranteed and referees abuse can be expected without much consideration. The discussion presented below is basically an effort to highlight the existence of disciplinary problems in the UK football while laying stress on the referees abuse by players and to what degree this abuse is affecting the referees and their interests. The paper also highlights the steps taken by the football referees to overcome the lack of discipline and resulting abuse from the football players in UK. Disagreement from the referees’ decisions due to lack of discipline: According to a sports report by Taylor and Hytner (2008), the ruthless and defiant behavior shown by Ashley Cole and his teammates towards the match referee Sir Alex Ferguson (Scottish football manager) was too significant to be overlooked and has been the topic of much criticism among the UK public and entire world as well. This scenario presen ts an important example when lack of discipline and respect in the UK football players is talked about. ... The report further lays stress on the impact of lack of discipline among the UK football players by mentioning that another player named Grant also vehemently disagreed with the decision of the match referee Dean, who sent a midfielder player out of the field by dismissing him in the first match that was supervised by him. This action of the match referee was hugely disliked by the team players who instead of agreeing with the referee’s decision in accordance with the rules of the game, started abusing the referee coarsely. It is a good measure taken by Chelsea that Cole was subsequently punished owing to the fact that he harassed the match referee while threatening to snatch the red card from his hand. Pearce (cited in Herbert, 2008) emphasizes that referees can make mistakes too sometimes and they should be tolerated by the players. Lack of cohesion and harmony leads to disagreement between players and referees: Wenger, coming from the football club Arsenal has been quoted a s saying after a match that â€Å"Our game lacked cohesion. I always felt we could be punished.† (cited in Press Association, 2010). This also supports the reality that discipline is lacking in the UK football game and more importantly, among the football players. The UK football players have inexplicably developed a stubborn sense of defying most of the decisions taken by the match referees and a very hyped drama is created when a certain match referee orders any player to leave the field. In response to yellow or red card shown by the referee, all the teammates typically surround the referee and start pressurizing him for taking back his decision. Some even go as far as to put

Extracurricular activity Essay Example for Free

Extracurricular activity Essay You may not know a lot of people when you start high school. Maybe your friends from middle school are going to a different high school. Even if you know other freshmen, you might feel nervous that you dont know any upperclassmen. How are you going to make friends among this sea of unknown faces? Most high schools hold a freshman orientation before school actually starts. These are helpful not only because you learn your way around the building and get to meet some of your teachers, but you also get to meet fellow freshmen. That way, when you show up on your first day of school, you may already recognize a few familiar faces. When you talk to people at orientation, youll probably find that a lot of them are feeling just like you are. Theyre all new to the school and dont know what to expect. Talking about a common concern with your classmates can spark new friendships. Learning Inside the Classroom How about the workload in high school — is it a lot harder? Again, this is something your classmates are probably worried about, too. The work in high school builds on what you learned in middle school, giving you a more advanced knowledge of many academic subjects. So you may find you have more work to do or that its a bit more challenging. But these challenges can make you feel less bored with the usual routine — it feels great when youve mastered something really tough. Maybe youll find a new appreciation for biology or discover a passion for literature. If you ever find your work too overwhelming, teachers and tutors are available for extra help. While you have more independence as a high school student than you might have had in middle school, there are still many resources to fall back on if you feel the work is too much. Extracurricular Activities High school also has more extracurriculars than middle school did, such as clubs, music and theater groups, student government, and sports teams. This is a fantastic time to explore your interests and try new things. Who said school has to be all work and no play? These activities may take place before or after school, or during free periods or study halls. Because of this, it helps to sharpen your time management skills in your first year. Extracurricular activities are great, but remember to leave free time for yourself. Everybody needs some downtime.

Concurrent Processes In Operating Systems

Concurrent Processes In Operating Systems The programming technique, to use interrupts to simulate the concurrent execution of several programs on Atlas computers was known as multiprogramming. It was pioneered by Tom Kilburn and David Howarth. Multiprogramming in early days was done using assembly level language. Slightest mistake in programs could make program unpredictable hence testing them was difficult also the assembly level language had no conceptual foundation. Operating systems designed using this multiprogramming techniques grew very huge and unpredictable their designers spoke about software crisis. This created an urgent research and development need for concurrent programming techniques. Computer scientists took the first step towards understanding the issues related to concurrent programming during mid 1960s, they discovered fundamental concepts, expressed them by programming notation, included them in programming languages and used these languages to write the model operating systems. These same concepts were then applied to any form of parallel computing. Introduction of Concurrent processes in operating systems Processes played a key role in shaping early operating systems. They were generally run in a strictly sequential order. Multiprogramming existed but the processes did not exactly run concurrently instead a time based mechanism was used in which a limited amount of time was given to each process. Even in those days the processors speed was fast enough to give and illusion that the multiple processes were running concurrently. They were called as timesharing or multiprogramming operating systems (November 1961, called CTSS Compatible Time-Sharing System also Multics the predecessors of UNIX developed by MIT) These type operating systems were very popular and were seen as a breakthrough during those times. The major drawback was complexity of the system design which made it difficult to make it more versatile and flexible so that a single all purpose OS could be built. Also the resource sharing done by these processes was primitive or inefficient and it only showed there was a lot of room for research and development. Work on these operating systems made way for concurrent processes. Most of the original concepts related to concurrency were developed during this period. These innovative ideas and concepts went on become the basic principles on which todays operating systems and concurrent applications are designed. (A major project undertaken by IBM in this direction was in 1964 the OS/360 for their new mainframes system 360) To build reliable concurrent processes understanding and developing basic concepts for concurrency was important let us talk about concurrency and some of its basic programming concepts. Concurrency In computer science, concurrency is a property of systems in which several computations are executing simultaneously, and potentially interacting with each other. [Wikipedia] Let us consider a real life example a housing project such as the building of a house will require some work to go on in parallel with other works. In principle, a project like building a house does not require any concurrent activity, but a desirable feature of such a project is that the whole task can be completed in shorter time by allowing various sub tasks to be carried out concurrently. There is no reason any painter cannot paint the house from outside (weather permitting!), while the plasterer is busy in the upstairs rooms and the joiner is fitting the kitchen units downstairs. There are however some constraints on concurrency which is possible. The brick layer will normally have to wait until the foundation of the house had been layered before he could begin the task of building the walls. The various tasks involved in such a project can usually be regarded as independent of one another, but the scheduling of the tasks is constrained by notions of a task A must be completed b efore task B can begin A second example is that of a railway network. A number of trains making journeys within a railway network, and by contrast with the previous example, when they start and they end is generally independent of most of the other journeys. Where the journeys interact though is at places where routes cross or use common sections of track for parts of journeys. We can in this example regard the movement of trains as programs in execution, and the sections of track as the resources which these programs may or may not have to share with other programs. Hence the two trains run concurrently in case their routes interact sharing the same resources without interrupting each other similar to concurrent processes in operating systems. So as discussed earlier we understand that processes are important to implement concurrency so let us discuss the process as a concept which will introduce us to the most important concept for concurrency i.e. threads! Fundamental concepts Process A process is a running program; OS keeps track of running programs in form of processes and their data. A process is made of multiple threads. Threads The need to write concurrent applications introduced threads. In other words, threads are processes that share a single address space. Each thread has its own program counter and stack. Threads are often called lightweight processes as N threads have 1 page table, 1 address space and 1 PID while N processes have N page tables, N address spaces and N PIDs. Therefore, a sequence of executing instructions is called a thread that runs independently of other threads and yet can share data with other threads directly. A thread is contained inside a process. There can exist multiple threads within a process that share resources like memory, while different processes do not share these resources. A simple thread example There are two classes defined in this example namely SimpleThread which is a subclass of the Thread class and TwoThreads class. class SimpleThread extends Thread { public SimpleThread(String str) { super(str); } public void run() { for (int i = 0; i { System.out.println(i + + getName()); Try { sleep((int)(Math.random() * 1000)); } catch (InterruptedException e) {} } System.out.println(DONE! + getName()); } } The method SimpleThread() is a constructor which sets the Threads name used later in the program. The action takes place in the run() method which contains a for loop that iterates ten times that displays the iteration number and the name of the Thread, then sleeps for a random interval of up to a second. The TwoThreads class provides a main() method that creates two SimpleThread threads named London and NewYork. class TwoThreads { public static void main (String[] args) { new SimpleThread(London).start(); new SimpleThread(NewYork).start(); } } The main() method also starts each thread immediately following its construction by calling the start() method. Following concepts are mostly used at the thread level and also the issues discussed are encountered while implementing concurrency. Race condition A race condition occurs when multiple processes access and manipulate the same data concurrently, and the outcome of the execution depends on the particular order in which the access takes place.[http://www.topbits.com/race-condition.html] It is not so easy to detect race condition during program execution if it is observed that the value of shared variables is unpredictable, it may be caused because of race condition. In concurrent programming there are more than one legal possible thread executions hence order of thread execution cannot be predicted. Race condition may produce uncertain results. Outcome of race condition may occur after a long time. In order to prevent unpredictable results because of race condition, following methods are used- Mutual exclusion Mutual exclusion (often abbreviated to mutex) algorithms are used in concurrent programming to avoid the simultaneous use of a common resource, such as a global variable, by pieces of computer code called critical sections. (Wikipedia) -Critical Region (CR) A part of code that is always executed under mutual exclusion is called a critical region. Due to this, the compiler instead of the programmer is supposed to check that the resource is neither being used nor referred to outside its critical regions. While programming, critical section resides when semaphores are used. CRs are needed only if the data is writeable. It consists of two parts: Variables: These must be accessed under mutual exclusion. New language statement: It identifies a critical section that has access to variables. There are two processes namely A and B that contain critical regions i.e. the code where shared data is readable and writable. -Semaphores Semaphores are mechanisms which protect critical sections and can be used to implement condition synchronization. Semaphore encapsulates the shared variable and using semaphore, only allowed set of operations can be carried out. It can suspend or wake processes. The two operations performed using semaphores are wait and signal, also known as P and V respectively. When a process performs P operation it notifies semaphore that it wants to use the shared resource, if the semaphore is free the process gains access to the shared variable and semaphore is decremented by one else the process is delayed. If V operation is performed, then the process notifies the semaphore that it has finished using shared variable and semaphore value is incremented by one. By using semaphores, we attempt to avoid other multi-programming problem of Starvation. There are two kinds of Semaphores: Binary semaphores: Control access to a single resource, taking the value of 0 (resource is in use) or 1 (resource is available). Counting semaphores: Control access to multiple resources, thus assuming a range of nonnegative values. -Locks The most common way to implement mutex is using locks. A lock can be either locked or unlocked. The concept is analogues to locks we use in our doors; a person enters the room, locks the door and starts working and leaves the room after finishing the job, if another person wants to enter the room when one person is already inside, he has to wait until the door gets unlocked. Subtasks in a parallel program are often called threads. Smaller, lightweight versions of threads are known as fibres, which are used by some parallel computer architecture and bigger versions are called as processes. Many times threads need to change the value of shared variable, instruction interleaving between programs could be in any order For example, consider the following program: Thread A Thread B 1A -Read variable X 1B Read variable X 2A Increment value of X by 1 2B Increment value of X by 1 3A Write back to variable X 3B Write back to variable X As we can see in the example both the threads are carrying out same steps which are to read the shared variable, increment its value and write back its value to the same variable. It is clear how vital it is to execute these instructions in correct order, for instance if instruction 1A is executed between 1B and 3B it will generate an incorrect output. If locks are used by one thread, another thread cannot read, write the shared variable. Following example explains usage of locks: Thread A Thread B 1A Lock variable X 1B Lock variable X 2A Read variable X 2B Read variable X 3A Increment value of X by 1 3B Increment value of X by 1 4A Write back to variable X 4B Write back to variable X 5A Unlock variable X 5B Unlock variable X Whichever thread locks the variable first, uses that variable exclusively, any other thread will not be able to gain access to shared variable until it is unlocked again. Locks are useful for correct execution but on the other hand they slow down the program. -Monitors A monitor is a mutual exclusion enforcing synchronization construct. Monitors provide more structure than conditional critical regions and can be implemented as efficiently as semaphores. Monitors are supported by a programming language rather than by the operating system. They were introduced in Concurrent Pascal and are used as the synchronization mechanism in the Java language. A monitor consists of code and data. All of the data and some of the code can be private to the monitor, accessible only to the code that is part of the monitor. Monitor has a single lock that must be acquired by the task to execute monitor code i.e. mutual exclusion is provided by making sure that execution of procedures in the same monitor are not overlapped. Active task is the term used for the task which owns the monitor lock. There cannot be more than one active task in the monitor. The monitors lock can be acquired by a task through one of several monitor queues. It gives up the lock either by blocking a condition variable or by returning from a monitor method. A condition variable is a queue or event queue that is part of the monitor. Two monitor methods called as wait and notify can only be accessed by a condition variable queue. The behaviour of a monitor is known by the relative priorities and scheduling of various types of queues. The monitor locks are acquired by the processes in the monitor queues. The queues may be combined in some implementations. The tasks compete for the lock when the monitor lock becomes free. Condition Variable: In order to make sure that processes do not enter a busy waiting state, they should notify some events to each other; this facility is provided by Monitors with the help of condition variables. If a monitor function wants to proceed by making a condition true then it has to wait for the corresponding condition variable. When a process waits, it gives up the lock and is taken out from set of runnable processes. When a process makes condition true then it notifies a waiting process using condition variable. The methods mentioned above are used to prevent race condition but they might result into serious problems like deadlock and starvation let us have a look at these problems one at a time as we go further. Deadlock Deadlock refers to a specific condition where two or more processes are each waiting for each other to release a resource, or more than two processes are waiting for resources in a circular chain. Conditions for deadlock to occur 1] Mutual exclusion: Mutual exclusion means only one process can use a resource at a time. 2] Hold and wait: A process may hold a allocated resource while awaiting assignment of other resource. 3] No pre-emption: A resource can be released voluntarily by the process holding it. One process cannot use resource forcefully held by another process. A process that receives such resources cannot be interrupted until it is finished using the resource. 4] Circular wait: A closed chain of processes exists, such that each process holds a resource required by another process in the chain. Deadlock occurs only when circular wait condition is not resolvable and circular wait is not resolvable if first three conditions hold hence all four conditions taken together constitute necessary and sufficient condition for deadlock. In the diagram above we can see that process P1 holds resource R1 and requests for resource R2 held by process P2 , and process P2 is requesting for resource R1. Methods to handle Deadlock 1. Deadlock prevention Deadlock prevention is to ensure that one of the four necessary conditions for deadlock can never hold in following ways: I1. Mutual exclusion: allocate one resource to only one process at a time. 2. Hold and wait: It requires a process to request and be allocated its resources before it begins its execution, or allow process to request a resource only when process has none. This may lead to low resource utilization. It also may give rise to starvation problem, a process may be held for a long time waiting for all its required resources. The application need to be aware of all the resources it requires, if it needs additional resources it releases all the resources held and then requests for all those it needs. 3. No pre-emption: If a process is holding some resources and requests for another resource held by some other process that cannot be allocated to it, then it releases all the resources currently held. The state of pre-empted resource has to be saved and later restored. 4. Circular wait: To make this condition fail, we can impose a total ordering on all resources types. It is also required that each process requests resources in strict increasing order. Resources from the same resource type have to be requested together. 2. Deadlock avoidance In deadlock avoidance, the system checks if granting a request is safe or not . The system needs additional prior information regarding overall potential use of each resource for each process i.e. maximum requirement of each resource has to be stated in advance by each process. 3. Deadlock detection: It is important to know if there exists a deadlock situation in the system hence an algorithm is needed to periodically check existence deadlock. Recovery from deadlock To recover from deadlock, the process can be terminated or we can pre-empt the resource. In terminating processes method we can terminate all the processes at once or terminate one process and then again check for deadlock. Similarly there are mechanisms like fair scheduling that can be used to avoid starvation of resources. -Fair scheduling Fair scheduling is to allow multiple processes to fairly share the resources. The main idea is to ensure each thread gets equal CPU time and to minimize resource starvation. -First in first out (FIFO) FIFO or First Come, First Served (FCFS) is the simplest scheduling algorithm that queues processes in the order they arrive in the ready queue. Scheduling overhead is minimal because context switches occur only when process terminates and re-organization of the process queue is not required. In this scheme, completion of every process is possible, hence no starvation. -Shortest remaining time With this scheduling scheme, processes with least processing time are arranged as the next process in the queue. To achieve this, prior knowledge of completion time is required. Consider a scenario where a shorter process arrives when another process is running, in this case the current process is stopped and is divided into two parts. This results in additional context switching overhead. -Fixed priority pre-emptive scheduling The operating system gives a fixed priority rank to every process, and the processes are arranged in the ready queue based on their priority this results in higher priority processes interrupting lower priority processes. Waiting and response times are inversely proportional to priority of the process. If there are more high priority processes than low priority processes, it may result into starvation of the latter processes. -Round-robin scheduling In this scheduling algorithm, each process is allotted a fixed time unit. There could be extra overhead if time unit per process allotted is very small. Round robin has better average response time than rest of the scheduling algorithms. There cannot be starvation since processes are queued based on any priority. Also there are some desired Properties of Concurrent Programs; these properties will ensure a reliable concurrent program. There are some characteristics that a concurrent program must possess. They can be either a safety or a liveness property. Safety properties assert that nothing bad will ever happen during a program execution. Examples of safety property are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Mutual exclusion à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ No deadlock à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Partial correctness A safety property is a condition that is true at all points in the execution of a program. Liveness properties assert that something good will eventually happen during a program execution. Examples include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fairness (weak) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reliable communication à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Total correctness Communicating sequential process Communicating sequential process was introduced in a paper written by C. A. R. Hoare in 1978. In this paper he described how various sequential processes could run in parallel irrespective of the processor (i.e. it can be a single core or multi-core processor). CSP is an integration of two terms, Communication and Sequential process. A communication is an event that is described by a pair C, V, where C is the name of the channel on which communication takes place and V is the value of the message which passes through this channel by C .A. R. Hoare. In a Sequential Process new process cannot be started until the preceding process has completed. As CSP was more of a programming language so most of the syntax and notations were inherited from ALGOL 60 programming language. Most of the notations were single character instead of English words. For example,? and ! represents input and output respectively. CSP inherits the concept of Co routines over old programming structures such as subroutines. The structure of Co routines is comprised of COPY (copies character from output of one process to the input of second process), SQUASH is used to replace specified character with other characters, DISASSEMBLE, ASSEMBLE and REFORMAT. -OCCAM One of the renowned implementation of CSP is occam. It is named after William of Ockam. It is a strict procedural language. It was developed at INMOS. Occam2 programming language is used in most of the software developing companies across the world. It is an extension of occam1 which lacks multi-dimension arrays, functions and other data type support. Occam2 came into existence in 1987s. The latest version is occam2.1 which was developed in 1994. BYTESIN operator, fixed-length array returned from procedures, named data types etc. were some of the new features of occame2.1. the compiler designed for occam2.1 named KRoC (Kent Retargetable occam Compiler) is used to create machine code from different microprocessors. Occam-pi is the name of the new occam variant which is influenced by pi-calculus. It is implemented by newer versions of KRoC. JCSP Java programming language also implements the concept of CSP by JCSP. JCSP is a complete programming implementation of CSP i.e. it does not contain deep mathematical algebra. JCSP is used to avoid race condition, deadlock, live lock and starvation programmatically via java programs. The main advantage of JCSP is that most of the algebraic part is already developed and stored in libraries so the programmer does not require strong mathematical skills. To invoke a method he needs to import these inbuilt libraries. Concurrency Test Tools Design a concurrent application is very challenging task. Maintaining interaction between concurrently executing threads is very difficult task for programmer. It is very difficult to understand the nature of threads from one run of a program as they are nondeterministic. As result, it becomes very difficult for testing and debugging. So it is good idea to invest in techniques which can avoid this conditions aid in the process of development. We are exploring these ideas with tools for concurrency. CHESS This is one of the important tools, created by Microsoft Research, which is used to test multithreaded code systematically. CHESS facilitates both model checking and dynamic analysis. It has the potential to detect race conditions, livelocks, hangs, deadlocks and data corruption issues. Concurrency errors are detected by investigating thread schedules and interleaving and for this it chooses a specialized scheduler on which it repeatedly runs regular unit test. The specialized scheduler creates specific thread interleaving. CHESS controls state space explosion using iterative context bounding which puts a limitation on number of thread switching. This supports scientifically experimented concept that most of the concurrency bugs can be revealed with less number of thread switches. This concept is far better than traditional model checking. CHESS uses Goldilocks lockset algorithm to detect deadlock and race condition. For reporting a livelock, it is anticipated that programmes terminate and exhibit fairness for all threads. THE INTEL THREAD CHECKER Similar to CHESS, INTEL THREAD CHECKER is used for detecting problems in concurrency like data races and deadlock and it also finds out erroneous synchronization. The thread checker makes use of source code or the compiled binary for making memory references and to monitor WIN32 synchronization primitive. At the time of execution, information given by the compiled binary is used for constructing partial order of execution; this step is followed by happens before analysis of the partial order obtained. For improving efficiency and performance, it is better to remember latest access to shared variable than to remember all accesses. The disadvantage of this tool is it cannot find all bugs while analysing long-running applications. RACERX Unlike first two dynamic analysis tools we have discussed above, RACERX is a static analysis tool. It is not required to comment the entire source code rather user gives table which contains specification of APIs which are useful in gaining and releasing locks. Using such small sized tables proves to be advantageous because they lessen the overhead of annotating entire source code. The working of RACERX is carried out in several phases. In the first phase, RACERX builds a Control Flow Graph once it has iterated through each source code file. CFG consists of information about function calls, use of pointers, shared memory and other data. When building CFG is done, calls to these APIs are marked. This first phase is followed by analysis phase which involves checking race condition and deadlock. The last phase is post processing errors reported, the purpose is to prioritize errors by their significance and harmfulness. CHORD This tool is used for Java language, it is context sensitive static analysis tool. Its flow insensitive nature makes it more scalable than other static tools with the disadvantage of low accuracy. It also deals with the distinguishing synchronization primitives available in Java. ZING ZING, a pure model checker tool, verifies the design of multi threaded programs. It has the ability to model concurrent state machines using its own language that describes complex states and transition. It assures the design quality by verifying assumptions and confirming the presence or absence of some conditions. KISS Microsoft Research developed another model checker tool, named KISS (Keep It Simple and Sequential) for concurrent C programs. It converts a concurrent C program into a sequential program that features the operation of interleaving and controls non-determinism. Thereafter, the analysis is performed by a sequential model checker. While using this tool, the programmer is expected to justify the validation of concurrency assumptions. Introduction of multi-core processors increased the importance on concurrency by many folds. Concurrency and multicore processor Multi core processors The computer industry is undergoing a paradigm shift. Chip manufacturers are shifting development resources away from single-processor chips to a new generation of multi-processor chips known as multicores. Multiple processors are manufactured by placing them on the same die. Hence they share the same circuit. A die is a small block of semiconducting material, on which a given functional circuit is fabricated. A) Single Core B) Multi Core Why were they introduced? As we grow further in terms of processing power the hardware industry faces three main challenges Power Amount of power consumed by processors has been increasing as more and more powerful processors have been introduced to the market. The environment cost and the energy needs have compelled the manufacturer as well as organisations to reconsider their strategies to an extent where change in way the processors are manufactured or operate was inevitable. Processors can be overclocked or underclocked. Overclocking a processor increases the number of instructions it can execute but at the same time increases the power consumption; also overclocking a processor does not guarantee a performance improvement as there are many other factors to consider. Increasing the number of processors per core (quad or eight) will further improve the power to performance ratio. Memory clock Memory clock has not improved like the CPU clock hence adding a limitation on the processor performance. Often the instruction to be fetched must be retrieved from relatively slow memory, causing the CPU to stall while waiting for the instruction to be returned. So instead of building faster CPUs underclock it and have more number of cores with their own dedicated memories to have more instructions executed in the same given time. Also the clock speed in itself wont grow infinitely due to fundamental physics it has hit a wall. Chips melt above 5GHz of clock speed. Many possibilities are opened by placing two or more powerful computing cores on a single processor. True concurrent applications can be developed only on multicore processors. On single core processors concurrent applications can overload the processor degrading the performance of the application. On multi-core systems, since each core has its own cache, the operating system has sufficient resources to handle most compute intensive tasks in parallel. What are the effects of the hardware shift on concurrent programming? The free lunch of performance in terms of ever faster processors is over- Microsoft C++ guru Herb Sutter. For past five decades the ever increasing clock speed has carried the software industry through its progress but now the time has come for the software engineers to face the challenge staring directly at them which they have managed to ignore so far. Also as more and more cores are added to hardware the gap between the hardware potential and the s

Millard Fillmore :: essays research papers

Fillmore, Millard (1800-1874), 13th president of the United States (1850-1853) and the second vice president to finish the term of a deceased president. He succeeded Zachary Taylor at a critical moment in United States history. The Mexican War (1846-1848) had renewed the conflict between the Northern and Southern states over slavery, since it had added new territories to the United States. The debate over whether these territories should be admitted as free or slave states precipitated a crisis that threatened civil war. Much to the relief of Northern and Southern politicians, Fillmore pursued a moderate and conciliatory policy. He signed into law the Compromise of 1850, which admitted one territory as a free state and allowed slave owners to settle in the others. This compromise did not solve the basic problem of slavery but did preserve peace for nearly eleven years. During that time the North gained the industrial power that enabled it to defeat the South when civil war eventuall y came. Fillmore was born in upstate New York in 1800. He was the second child and eldest son in a family of nine. His parents, Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, had moved from Vermont to New York several years before his birth. Young Fillmore did chores on his father's farm, worked as an apprentice in the clothier's trade, and attended local schools irregularly until he was 17. Although the only books in his home were the Bible, an almanac, and a hymnbook, Fillmore managed to educate himself with the help of a village schoolteacher, Abigail Powers. When he was 19, Fillmore began to study law with Judge Walter Wood of Cayuga County. He supported himself by teaching school. When his family moved to East Aurora, near Buffalo, New York, Fillmore continued his study of law and his teaching. In 1823 he opened a law office in East Aurora. Three years later he married Abigail Powers. The couple had two children, Mary Abigail and Millard Powers. In the early years of their marriage, Mrs. Fillmore continued to teach school and to help her husband with his law studies. In 1826, the year Fillmore was married, an incident in western New York set him on the road to the presidency. When William Morgan, a former member of the Masonic fraternal order who had written a book that claimed to expose the order's secrets, disappeared, the rumor spread that he had been murdered by avenging Masons.

Hamlet: Fate :: essays research papers

Hamlet: Fate In our world today psychics try to predict what will happen in our futures. What may happen in the future is controlled by a power far higher than what can be seen by someone at the other end of a "1-900†¦" telephone number. The play Hamlet, by Shakespeare, presents a view of the world in which man's intellect is powerless to understand and predict the whims of Fate. Man is governed by an uncaring and perhaps deranged power. The characters of the play are in no way able to comprehend what may lie in the future. Hamlet knows that there is something wrong with the marriage between his mother (the queen) and Claudius (King Hamlet's brother). The marriage takes place just months after the slaying of King Hamlet. "Something is rotten in the state of Denmark." The characters of the play know that there are powers at work in the kingdom. A power that could be considered supernatural is in control of the actions of the play. Hamlet is visited on several occasions by a ghost that offers thought provoking information. Hamlet knows not whether to trust the spirit or disregard what he has been told. "†¦ the devil hath power T'assume a pleasing shape" Hamlet thought that the spirit may be trying to mislead him in the quest to find his father's killer. Characters of the play become unsure of their intentions due to the odd twists of fortune that they are dealt. Characters in the play that were so sure of their decisions became uncertain. This uncertainty arises when the plans of characters are somehow altered. The alterations change the fate of many characters. Polonius was killed in the wake of Hamlet's plan to find his father's killer. Hamlet had no intention to kill anyone that did not deserve it. It was by chance that Polonius was in the chamber of the queen when Hamlet arrived. Polonius hid behind the curtain and was killed with a thrust of a dagger. "Time is out of joint.

Residential Housing Essay

KB Home, one of the major housing companies in the market made a statement telling the public that they do not see housing sector to stabilize by this year. Number of housing companies has been acquiring great losses by the end of 2005 as disposable income of consumers’ declines as the consequence of lowering down of per capita income in the economy. According to the President and Chief Executive Officer of KB Home, Jeffrey Mezger, they have suffered to a staggering loss of nearly $10 per share during the first quarter of 2007 (Steverman 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Deutsche Bank’s economists, Peter Hopper, said that the housing correction works sluggishly just like a ‘slow-motion train wreck’ which made worse the housing sector of the economy. Moreover, the said loss of KB Home worse than what they have expected. Analysts expects around $7 loss per share which is very far from the $10 per share loss accounted last quarter. Therefore, with the further worsening of the stock prices in the stock market, this only means that there will be no improvement in the coming first quarter of 2008.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To make the situation worse, there has been a rumor in the market regarding the bankruptcy of Countrywide which supplies loans and mortgages worth 2 million and 9 million respectively. Countrywide suffered from 25 percent losses as of January 8 of this year. Meaning, there would be a shortage on the supply of loan and mortgages in the financial market just in case Countrywide is really approaching to bankruptcy. Moreover, the shortage of supply of loans and mortgages in the economy will only worsen the purchasing power of the consumers, giving way for a further deterioration of demand to housing industry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One possible reason behind the turmoil in the housing industry would be the oversupply of homes in the market creating a pressure for its prices to decline. By the time price level of housing units starts to decline, profitability of housing companies begins to deteriorate giving way for experiencing a low return on investment in the next quarter. Driven by speculation, investors will start to pull out their stocks in the housing sector causing stock prices to turn down. In this regard, the connection between the oversupply of housing unit in the market with the deterioration of stock prices is already established. Moreover, it is not only the oversupply of housing units in the market that caused the instability of the housing sector. The growing competition also adds up to the growth of the problem. At the end of the day, market analysts still believes that housing sector will not recover this year based from the current degree of losses that housing companies and financial institutions had experienced on the last quarter of 2007. Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is true that the turmoil in the housing sector started during the last quarter of 2005 when consumers have high disposable income. During then, consumers spent more in the housing market attracting the housing companies to produce more house units next quarter. By the start of the first quarter of 2006, per capita income of consumers starts to decline giving them a limited disposable income for housing sector. At this point, the housing industry experienced oversupply of housing units since companies did not anticipate the deterioration of consumer’s disposable income. The said oversupply caused the price level of the housing companies to decline causing the return on investment to depreciate which later on forced stock holder to withdraw their stocks in the market. The increasing competition in the housing sector also add up to the lowering down of housing unit prices since companies in this industry starts to compete each other through price competition. Meaning, housing companies tries to lower down the prices of their home units in order to attract more customers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The negative effects of eh oversupply of housing units will not be that severe if there is only adequate number of financial institutions that will provide loans and mortgages to uplift the purchasing power of the consumers, therefore, improving the demand on the housing industry. But the problem now would be, even financial lenders is also having a hard time providing loans and mortgages due to the low income level of consumers in the market which imposes the threat of bankruptcy   to the financial lenders.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It would be best if the government would start making action by offering low interest rate on credit. The federal bank must structuralize a special credit scheme for housing sector customers, e.g. low interest rate on borrowing or longer payment period, in order to solve the problem of over supply on the said industry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another way by which the government could solve this instability of housing sector would be to provide financial aids to Countrywide which, as what have already pointed out during the first part of the paper, plays a major role in uplifting the purchasing power of consumers though provision of loans and mortgages that can be used in purchasing housing units. The said government aid may be in the form of monetary of fiscal Moreover, the government could also increase the wage rate of the workers in the economy in order to improve the current level of disposable incomes of consumers in the market. By the time the disposable income of consumers increase, they will now have enough money to purchase housing units which will solve the problem regarding the oversupply of home units. Works Cited Steverman, Ben â€Å"Housing: A Fresh Jolt of Bad News.† 8 January 2008. Business Week. 11 February 2008 .

Pricing Strategy

Universal Rental Printing Car Assignment Objective: The objective of the simulation was to increase profits of Universal Car Rental Company. The simulation was run across three cities in Florida, Tampa, Orlando and Miami. Our strategy: We adopted a strategy of offering the highest price achievable whilst maintaining 100% capacity utilization respective to the market share. In the context of the scenario, where growth in demand outstripped supply and with only twelve ‘rounds’, we felt market share was not fundamentally important.In respect of setting the pricing level, we calculated the price elasticity of demand to give us an insight into the increment we could increase the price. We concluded that price elasticity of supply was irrelevant in the context of this simulation. Customer price response: We were quickly able to observe that weekday and weekend demand out did supply; we concluded that weekday demand was an alternative for business users and weekend demand was m ore for leisure users. The most important aspect we considered was increasing our fleet size to meet market demand. We lost a considerable amount of sales by not meeting customer orders.This could have been easily resolved by steady increase of a number of fleet added per month. Universal should also increase brand awareness by applying brand management. After our great performance and steady increase in market demand Universal should increase marketing in several media applications. Some of theses applications should include, airport advertising, e-advertising, TV commercials and newspaper ads. By advertising in these areas, Universal is certain to increase brand awareness and future success. Final Result: My partner and I were able to increase the accumulative profit of Universal Rental Car Company to $268 million.